Two-phase flow are quite prevalent in metallurgical, chemical and petroleum engineering such as blast furnaces, catalytic reformer, dedusting, etc. They are not fully understood yet.
For example, in ironmaking blast furnace (BF) the pulverised coal is injected through the tuyere. Increasing the injection rate of the coal will increase the amount of unburnt coal in the blast furnace, which will ultimately reduce the permeability of it.
This unburnt coal from the PC injection deposited between the coke particles and coke layers in the stack region. This deposition (known as static holdup of coal/fines) results in the reduction of permeability of the BF and thus offering resistance for gas flow, causing reduced productivity of BF.
The coal fine which is carried away by the gas inside the furnace is known as dynamic holdup of coal fines which also reduces the permeability of the BF.
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